Are Reason and Emotional Equally Necessary in Justifying Moral Decisions Essay Example

Are Reason and Emotional Equally Necessary in Justifying Moral Decisions? Paper Are reason and emotional equally necessary in justifying moral decisions? Human beings are facing moral decisions in everyday life. The decision or opinions of persons are justified and influenced by several ways of knowing especially emotion and reasoning. Every Human being is emotional, and our emotions influence our decision making. A Sad person might decide differently then a happy person. Reason is influenced by the way how people percept and observe they surroundings. Deductive and Inductive Logic is used to find the truth. Both Reason and Emotional are contradictory towards each other as both are totally different. This becomes clear by investigating Moral issues and the influence of Reason and emotional in 2 criticized and often re-discussed topics. Once the scientific research of cloning and second the discussion about Death Penalty. Both those subjects, one in the Science, the other in the Politics can give us evidence which way of knowing is more necessary for justifying moral decisions or if both are equal. Cloning is the process of cloning Genes by replicating the DNA of a Organism. This DNA then is implanted in a stem cell, which will then will use this DNA and replicate itself until an exact copy is created. We will write a custom essay sample on Are Reason and Emotional Equally Necessary in Justifying Moral Decisions? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Are Reason and Emotional Equally Necessary in Justifying Moral Decisions? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Are Reason and Emotional Equally Necessary in Justifying Moral Decisions? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer First Experiments on Animals where done 1996. Very famous is the Sheep Dolly which was used to investigate Cloning and the effect on living organism A. Scientist try to understand cloning even better and started to experiment on human cells. This throws up many Moral concerns. If cloning becomes successful, their would be a revolution in Science. Organs could be cultured and the system of Organ transplant could transform in a better, more efficient system which safes more lives. The Contra idea of cloning: Stem cells have to be used in the process of cloning. A normal Human being has no stem cells anymore, but embryo? s, just some weeks old, are fully made up of stem cells. One stem cell is enough to culture 8 other stem cells B. Therefore often Human Embryo? s are killed so scientist can use the stem cells. „Can Human decide about life and death? â€Å" Even when also the Umbilical cord can be used, embryo? s are still killed because many stem cells are needed in the scientific investigations. Because their are the different opinions and every single individual is justifying their opinion and moral decisions by reason and emotion. People which use only reason might say that cloning is good because it brings far more advantages then disadvantages. By killing 50 Embryos over 3000 people which all think and live can be rescued. People using reason might think of the great benefits when the medicine is developing by cloning. Those people might think it is unmoral to be against cloning, as they belief in the ethic of utilitarism c. Contradictory to that people using reason are the people who are using emotion. They might say and think that it is unmoral to use the embryo as it has to be killed so the stem cells can be used. They might feel sad or angry that an innocent living organism is killed for common welfare. They also might believe in Golden Rule which means they want to treat people like they wish to be treated, and this is also not to be killed. Emotional justifying people also might think cloning is against they religious belief as killing is punished by most religions. They might ask themselves the question if humans are allowed to decide about life and death. In Christianity killing is punished with hell, people might be scared of hell and therefore decide against Cloning. Other ways of knowing might influence the emotion like faith or instinct not to kill the fetus C. We clearly see that both Ways of justification can be influenced by other ways of knowing. We can clearly say that emotions influence our way of perception and therefore our decision making. The so called emotion coloring like „love is blindâ€Å" makes us aware of he fact how reality can change from one person to another. Emotions can influence the decision making because it prevents the persons being open minded to other ideas, because they are so caught up with they personal belief. Still emotion can be influenced positively by processes like introspection which allows the individual to analytical choose and decide best. Reason in contrast is more rational then emotions and therefore allow an objective decision making. Reason tries not to be influenced by other sources but to stay objective C. The Death Penalty is abolished in 135 Countries and becomes in more and more countries illegal D. Again because Human lives are discussed about emotional and reason justifications play central roles in the discussion if the Death Penalty should be abolished or not. The Benefits of the Death Penalty are mostly economic advantages. The lower costs of an execution in relationship with a life-time prisoner are one main pro point of the Death Penalty. Further more as lesser prisoners are in Prisons, the Prisons are not overfilled with people. The Disadvantage of the Death Penalty is that it is an irreversible action. Once you kill a person you cannot undo that. It is possible that the accuses person is innocent, but the truth is found out far to late and the person has been executed already. Now the Government has killed somebody innocent. People using Reason might conclude that their are several benefits by killing murders, starting with lower costs and ending with more space in Prisons. Emotional thinkers might also belief that the Death Penalty is good. Families from Victims of Murder might feel revenge and therefore want to see the Murder dead. On the other hand reason and emotion can also justify that the Death Penalty should be abolished. It would be reasonable that a country abolishes the Death Penalty as most countries have already abolished the executions of prisoners. Also emotional this moral decision can be justified as questions like: „Who kills the murder of the murderâ€Å" and the general belief of murder is morally wrong. Families of innocent victims of the death penalty might also belief that the Death Penalty is wrong, as it is irreversible. Therefore both Reason and Emotion justify the moral decisions equally. Because Reason and Emotional justification are mostly contradictory with they moral decision, the topics like cloning or the abolishment of the death penalty are widely discussed. People cannot decide fully for- or against the subjects like cloning. They moral decision is based on both, reason and emotion, as human beings are emotional beings, but also beings which are capable of reason and logic. Therefore this fight between the only correct moral decision will last for ever as both, reason and emotion are used equally. Another interesting discovery is how reason and emotion are in contrast between each other and how they effect our daily decision making. Sources: A Mansfield, B. K. (2007). Human Genome Project Information. Retrieved February 18, 2008, from Cloning Fact sheet Web site: http://www. ornl. gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/cloning. html#what is B McMurtrey, J.. Mitosis. Munich International School. MIS SS R. 214, Germany, Munich. October 2007. C Van de Kagemaat, Richard. Theory of Knowledge for the IB Diploma. United Kingdom at University Press, Cambridge: Cambridge, 2005. D Please Database, The Death Penalty Worldwide. Infoplease. 2007. Pearson Education. 18 Feb 2008 http://www. infoplease. com/ipa/A07774 60. html. For the Sources format I used following Web page: *Warlick, David (2006). Citation Machine. Retrieved February 18, 2008, from Citation Machine Web site: http://www. citationmachine. net

Heres How to Calculate pH Values

Here's How to Calculate pH Values Heres a quick review of how to calculate pH and what pH means with respect to hydrogen ion concentration, acids, and bases. Key Takeaways pH is a measure of how acidic or basic a chemical solution is.Normally, pH runs from 0 to 14.A neutral pH value is 7. A value less than 7 is acidic, while a value greater than 7 is basic.The formula for pH is  pH -log[H]. This means pH is the negative base 10 logarithm (log on a calculator) of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. To calculate it, take the log of the hydrogen ion concentration and reverse the sign to get the answer. Review of Acids, Bases, and pH Formula There are several ways to define acids and bases, but pH only refers to hydrogen ion concentration and is only meaningful when applied to aqueous (water-based) solutions. When water dissociates it yields a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide. H2O ↔ H OH- When calculating pH, remember that [] refers to molarity, M. Molarity is expressed in units of moles of solute per liter of solution (not solvent). If you are given concentration in any other unit (mass percent, molality, etc.), convert it to molarity in order to use the pH formula. Using the concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions, the following relationship results: Kw [H][OH-] 1x10-14 at 25 °Cfor pure water [H] [OH-] 1x10-7Acidic Solution: [H] 1x10-7Basic Solution: [H] 1x10-7 How to Calculate pH and [H] The equilibrium equation yields the following formula for pH: pH -log10[H][H] 10-pH In other words, pH is the negative log of the molar hydrogen ion concentration. Or, the molar hydrogen ion concentration equals 10 to the power of the negative pH value. Its easy to do this calculation on any scientific calculator because it will have a log button. This is not the same as the ln button, which refers to the natural logarithm. Example: Calculate the pH for a specific [H]. Calculate pH given [H] 1.4 x 10-5 M pH -log10[H]pH -log10(1.4 x 10-5)pH 4.85 Example: Calculate [H] from a known pH. Find [H] if pH 8.5 [H] 10-pH[H] 10-8.5[H] 3.2 x 10-9 M Example: Find the pH if the H concentration is 0.0001 moles per liter. pH -log[H]Here it helps to rewrite the concentration as 1.0 x 10-4 M because if you understand how logarithms work, this makes the formula: pH -(-4) 4 Or, you could simply use a calculator and take: pH - log (0.0001) 4 Usually, you arent given the hydrogen ion concentration in a problem but have to find it from a chemical reaction or acid concentration. Whether this is easy or not depends on whether youre dealing with a strong acid or a weak acid. Most problems asking for pH are for strong acids because they completely dissociate into their ions in water. Weak acids, on the other hand, only partially dissociate, so at equilibrium, a solution contains both the weak acid and the ions into which it dissociates. Example: Find the pH of a 0.03 M solution of hydrochloric acid, HCl. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid that dissociates according to a 1:1 molar ratio into hydrogen cations and chloride anions. So, the concentration of hydrogen ions is exactly the same as the concentration of the acid solution. [H 0.03 M pH - log (0.03)pH 1.5 pH and pOH You can easily use the pH value to calculate pOH if you recall: pH pOH 14 This is particularly useful if youre asked to find the pH of a base since youll usually solve for pOH rather than pH. Check Your Work When youre performing a pH calculation, its a good idea to make sure your answer makes sense. An acid should have a pH much less than 7 (usually 1 to 3), while a base has a high pH value (usually around 11 to 13). While its theoretically possible to calculate a negative pH, in practice pH values should be between 0 and 14. This, a pH higher than 14 indicates an error either in setting up the calculation or else using the calculator.

Making the Most of the Doha Opportunity Assignment

Making the Most of the Doha Opportunity - Assignment Example The purpose of this term paper is to distinguish out the Indian Economy, while studying the special aspects, along with the trade and ventures between Canada and India. The second part of the paper as discussed above is about the prospects of the Indian market for the promotion of tumble dryers and in this context, the civilizing and community needs of the society and their impacts are researched. Further, a marketing strategy after analyzing the needs and barriers that are imposed by the Indian market are studied, a marketing plan is suggested to promote the product. Indo-Canadian trade - History and Recent initiatives During the modern period, India has turned out to be one of the most influential economies around the globe and is set to become an emerging power for centuries to come. The political arena contained by the Indian subcontinent has become stable to a big amount thus serving the country to footstep towards a contemporary culture, with the Indian market escalating at an incredible rate. Ever since India has emerged as a developing nation, it has taken help from a number of countries to expand its market which also incorporated Canada to an immense level. In spite of a number of strategic differences between the two countries, India has been offered continuous financial aid by Canada. During the late seventies, both the countries had strained relationships, however with the start of the early nineties, as India was set to become an influential player in the world economy, the situation got eased up. The growing trend of the Indian market was soon realized by Canada and the two countries stepped forward to bring about some major reforms in their market strategies with each other. Canada became mindful of the call for expanding its roots within Asia and recognized that India was the most favorable place which could offer vast markets for Canadian products. With the start of the later nineties, Canada initiated the progress to recuperate the two-sided associations amid the two nations. Since then there have been a number of reciprocated visits at the political level since thus moving forward the trade growth.

Rag time (movie) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rag time (movie) - Essay Example the height of success and sophistication (Forman, n.p.).Walker Coalhouse has walked up the ladder of the social class courtesy of his talent in music, where he plays the piano in a successful Jazz band, allowing him to become successful both in fame and fortune (Canby, n.p.). Under the current social stratification of the community in which Coalhouse lives, he belongs to the bottom layer of the social class; the blacks, and thus some of the white people volunteering at a firehouse in New York cannot stand to see a black man riding in such an expensive and state-of-the-art car. This makes the fire chief, Conklin to rally the volunteers to blockade the way and stop him from passing with his car, and later leads them in wrecking Coalhouse’s Model-T (Forman, n.p.). The attempt by Coalhouse to seek justice for the racial mistreatment that he received fails completely, because the justice system is dedicated to racism, thus it cannot offer a black man any justice (Forman, n.p.). Starting with the search for a lawyer to represent him in the case to petitioning the police to address his case by having the fire chief charged for the injustice he committed against him, the whole system refuses to work in his favor not because Coalhouse is on the wrong or because he cannot afford to pay the requisite legal fees, but simply because he s black (Canby, n.p.). Therefore, the theme of racism has featured in the entire film, building up from one episode to the other until the film ends without a clear solution to the problem of racism having been devised. The motif of the film is presented through fantasy and illusion, where the film has mixed up real life characters and events with other imaginary and unreal narratives that create a sense of confusion and lack of comprehension of the film. The historical events in the film are so mixed up, while there lacks the focus on one-sided historical narration (Canby, n.p.). Contrary, the film presents a multiplicity view of the

Case Study Early Childhood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case Study Early Childhood - Essay Example She used pictures of the different fruits she had earlier on asked the children to sample through eating. The pictures also had names of the fruits and hence making it easier for the children to refer to their earlier acquired knowledge of the fruits. Like long term memory, prior knowledge stores information for the later retrieval by the user. The information in prior knowledge is also stored by order of importance just the same as the information stored in the long-term memory. Finally, both the information in the long term memory and that of prior knowledge are stored for a long time hence can be remembered way later (Callander, 2008). She could use the same techniques and then integrate with pictorial display hence maximizing the use of the sensory memory of the children and hence make them remember what they have been taught. For example the same technique of dividing the fruits into different sizes and asking them to count the pieces or practice addition, subtraction, multiplication and division using the fruits hence children can use vivid imagination and sensory memory to remember later on how to use these mathematical methods. Integration employs the use of the same techniques that were successful in one discipline and children will tend to remember more since it will seem more like repetition and imitation (since it is prior knowledge) and the information will also not overload the memory of the children learning new concepts in each discipline (Coon and Mitterer,

Theories on early year curriculums

Theories on early year curriculums Only by listening to the questions (verbal and non-verbal) children ask we will be able to develop the perfect curriculum. Griffiths R. (1935).   This report has been set out to demonstrate a range of theories and their philosophy on four different curricular approaches, being; Reggio Emilia, Montessori, Steiner and Forest schools. As every child is unique, there are a number of factors that influence a childs learning. This report will discuss how these approaches have influenced current best practice, meeting every childs needs by having an effect on the curricular guidance in the UK. It will also make recommendations for development in the setting I work in, enabling effective learning and positive interaction, focusing on issues relating to inclusion and anti-discriminatory practice in order to provide them with equal opportunities that will create holistic development. As development occurs rapidly during the early years, every stage of development should control the learning they are offered, meeting each childs needs. Early years settings should focus on promoting care and learning opportunities for young children making it stimulating and rewarding. All the four approaches have taken into account that childrens brains thrive on stimulation and new experiences, and play can extend childrens development and learning. The findings of the EPPE project also suggest; that it is not enough to create a stimulating environment and simply let children play, as children learn best when staff actively teach them. This means modelling appropriate language and behaviour, sharing intelligent conversations, asking open-ended questions and using play to motivate and encourage them. The early years curriculum is based on key theories of how children learn and current early years practice has grown out of the work of early years educators. By incorporating their ideas into forming the curriculum, early years settings encourage learning through first-hand experience. We will look into the four approaches and see how they have been embedded into the Early Years Foundation Stage by setting the standards for learning, development and care for children from birth to five. Loris Malaguzzi (1920-1994) was the educational thinker who guided and inspired the Reggio Emilia approach in the Reggio Romagna region of Northern Italy. The approach requires children to be seen as competent, resourceful, curious, imaginative, inventive, and possess a desire to interact and communicate with others. Dr Loris Malaguzzi helped us understand that children shouldnt be expected to all have the same ways of expressing themselves, so he put forth the idea that there are 100 languages or ways of learning (paint, clay, music, drama, cooking, etc) in which expression and learning can take place. The Reggio Emilia approach to early childhood education has been adopted in USA, UK, New Zealand, Australia and many other countries. The Reggio Emilia method is made possible through a carefully articulated and collaborative approach to the care and education of young children and has also influenced Te Wariki in New Zealand. Reggio is a way of thinking about how young children learn and is based on the philosophies of Dewey and Vygotsky that is a very large idea with many parts, not a curriculum that can be adopted and implemented. Malguzzi used this versatility of research and theory recognising the contributions to Reggios thinking by the great educators; Vygotsky, Piaget and Jerome Bruner and this concept is brought about in the Early Years Foundation Stage-Every Child Matters Framework. As stated by Bruner, (1995) We are researching children researching their world. Some of the key principles of Reggio are: Giving the child more autonomy. The Image of the Child. Education based on interaction and collaboration. The importance of time. The role of the environment. The role of the teacher. The role of parents, as it is all learning together. Some of the key features of Reggio Emilias early childhood programme are:- The environment is referred to as the third teacher. The aesthetic beauty is an important part of respecting the child and their learning environment. Childrens work and collections are displayed; at the childrens and adult eye level. The piazza and the atelier are at the heart of the preschool centre. Documenting and displaying are unique and is viewed as an important tool in the learning process. Learning and teaching are reciprocal processes. The teachers role is complex; as the teacher is seen as a reflective researcher and they stay with their class from the time they start to when they leave. The children are seen as capable and inquisitive adults. Programs in Reggio are family centred. Loriss vision of an education based on relationships supports childrens reciprocal relationships with other children, family, teachers, society, and the environment. Reggio approach is not a formal model with defined methods (such as Waldorf and Montessori), teacher certification standards and authorization. But, the educators in Reggio Emilia speak of their evolving experience and see themselves as a provocation and reference point, a way of engaging in dialogue starting from a strong and rich vision of the child. As cited by Brown,N (2004) According to the documentation produced in Reggio Emilia pre-schools it would appear that girls and boys tend to work in single-sex groups. Girls also prefer smaller groups than do boys, and girls tend to discuss and collaborate from the start rather than, as the boys do, work independently before working collaboratively. This suggests that there are differences between boys and girls which appears to start from the premise itself. There seems to be a view that these differences are rather accepted and nothing can be done about it except document them and accommodate the differences in future projects. This also gives an impression that Reggio educators view these differences as natural. Many who have reflected on gender issues in the Reggio approach have felt awkward about the lack of critical thought about observed gender differences. Practitioners should ponder on this difference and ensure that their provision supports gender equity. In a nutshell, the Reggio approach articulates children to acquire skills of critical thinking and collaboration. It is a prism, a crystal, for seeing all the things we have looked at: relationships with families, curriculum, time management, evaluation, etc. and it isnt something one can apply. It is an approach to thinking about programs for young children and accepting children from all walks of life; where children with special needs are given first preference, making it totally inclusive. The Bristol standard aims at promoting the concept of reflective practitioners where they can become part of a process that protects and celebrates the wonder of early childhood through well informed and reflective practice. All preschool operators ought to benchmark against the Reggio Emilia school. As children are developing physically, mentally and emotionally, Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) believed that education should be designed to meet their changing needs, helping a child to accomplish their full potential in overall development and learning, as well as academic progress. His technique was systematic, and was based on his own wide experience as a tutor and on his study of spiritual science. Edmunds (1979), portrays Steiner Education with these inspiring words To educate youthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is to ennoble the mind, to fire the imagination, to fortify the will and to quicken initiative for life. Waldorf nurseries all around the world endeavour to meet the needs of each individual child with the utmost care, providing a harmonious home life which children should enjoy up to the age of five or six, working with Rudolf Steiners key points which are: Encouraging play, drawing, story telling, environment study and natural things up to the age of seven. Children younger than seven should not be taught to read. Teaching a child to write before teaching them to read. Allowing only one teacher to teach the same class for seven years. (This concept is taken from Reggio Emilia). Letting the child focus on one subject at a time. Find links between subjects like art and science. Connect with the child to make sure that they are keen about the material being taught. Showing the child good values but not enforcing a specific set of beliefs. Encouraging knowledge for its own sake and not just working towards exams. Allowing children to work at their own pace to ease their learning as each child has its own tempo and thrives best when this is allowed for. (Edmunds, F. 1979: p22). Rudolf Steiner made specific curriculum suggestions for all subjects including handwork, gymnastics, painting, music, shorthand and many others. A Teacher was given the freedom to build up the curriculum according to his own perspective. In a Steiner pre-school, no formal schooling takes place but there is an ordered life in the way children are received and engaged in activities. There is an extreme case of a general and widespread tendency today to intellectualize children without counting the costs. By robbing the life of children we are stultifying the life of adults. (Edmunds, F. 1979: p23) There is too much emphasis on getting small children to read and write at an early age which leaves them little or no time to play. This gives vent to frustration making them incapable human beings unable to solve problems and to make compromises as adults. Rudolf Steiner realised the fact that premature educational demands on the child, sap the life forces needed for further development later. He was also not in favour of sitting children in front of the television or a computer as there was much more to be learnt by doing things practically and get first hand experience. According to Steiner, creative, imaginative forces spring from a healthy life of will like flowers from a meadow; they are crippled by clever toys invented by clever adults. (Edmunds, F. 1979: p24). The objects of play in Steiner schools are simple so that the child can dress them with his or her own imagination as a child sees everything to be alive and real. Even today Steiner schools exist, and they are distinctly different from other schools. In the 1970s, 80s and 90s, United Kingdom and other parts of the world saw the formation of new Steiner Schools. Its founder was so self-motivated that everyone concerned knows that he would not have allowed his school to stay as it was, but would have found new and creative ways to meet the changing needs of present times. Nowadays it seems difficult for the people involved to know what course to take, without losing the essence of education that was brought to the world by Rudolf Steiner. Education must no longer be regarded only as a matter of teaching children, but as a social question of the highest importance, because it is the one question that concerns all mankind. (Montessori M, date unknown) Born in Italy in 1870, Maria Montessori moved to Rome with her parents in 1875 at the age of five. Maria Montessori is often referred to as ahead of her time. Throughout her life Maria Montessori had a particular interest in the development of children, especially those with special needs. She learned from the work of others, but evolved her own theories and believed that the child was a truly miraculous being and later on Steiner adopted this fact from Montessori. In 1906, Maria Montessori founded the first Childrens House. Montessori discovered how naturally young children adapted and enjoyed learning everyday tasks. The Montessori Method focuses on the individuality of each child in respect of their needs or talents as its goal is to help the child maintain their natural joy of learning. Some of the inventions of Maria Montessori are:- Sand paper alphabets and the Spinda boxes. Phonics; this has been taken up by the National Curriculum. Furniture and equipment scaled down to the childs size. Encourages independence and freedom with limits and responsibility. Practical life skills: domestic skills and manners are emphasized with the goal of increasing attention spans, hand-eye coordination, and tenacity. The structure of work and constructive activity gives the children a sense of self-worth that they have never experienced before. The Montessori approach does not emphasise play or the free flow of ideas, neither are the children allowed to undertake creative activities until they have worked through all the graded learning activities. Montessori believed in the natural unfolding of the childs intelligence that follows a specific path which must be aided by the adult by observing, as she did not believe in forced learning by children. When young children feel confident their energy for curiosity and exploration is considerableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ If to the children the practitioner feels detached or remote- not like a secure base- then their energy and curiosity is very reduced or disappears. Elfer (1996). Montessori did not think there was a need for adult correction and little parental involvement was encouraged. This concept would go against the principles of Vygotsky, who identified the zone of proximal development emphasising on the role of adults to intervene and help children learn, moving into the zone of actual development as adults provide the intellectual scaffolding to help children learn and progress through the different stages of development. The Montessori Method does not see children as part of a community, but are made to work largely on their own in a peaceful environment of total concentration. Current mainstream practice in the Early Years Foundation Stage Framework has not accepted this philosophy as it would not usually leave children to work through activities on their own. According to Lillard, P (1996) the Montessori theory is to adapt education for each developmental stage through materials especially designed for a childs exploration and self-discovery, encouraging children to be active rather than passive learners at all levels. This has been acknowledged by the recent curricular guidance and some Montessori materials and ideas are used, for example, graded sizes of particular shapes, such as small, medium, and large blocks. The Montessori theory allows children to acquire the skills to answer their own questions, learn to manage freedom with responsibility, and maintain a high level of intellectual curiosit y. Its teaching; aims for the fullest possible development of the whole child, ultimately preparing him for lifes many rich experiences. Maria Montessori realised that children pass through sensitive periods of development early in life, and said that education starts from birth. This is now recognised by the Early Years Foundation Stage. Dr. Montessori described the childs mind between the time of birth and six years of age as the absorbent mind and has written a book about it. It is during this stage that a child has a tremendous ability to learn and assimilate from the world around him, without conscious effort. During this time, children are particularly receptive to certain external stimuli. A Montessori teacher recognizes and takes advantage of these highly perceptive stages through the introduction of materials and activities which are specially designed to stimulate the intellect. If a person develops the ability to respect themselves, the people and the things around them, they will take an increased interest in the long-term effects of their actions on the environment and the people who live within it. (Director of Operations Archimedes) Forest Schools is an innovative educational approach to outdoor play and learning. It is a concept originally developed in Denmark for pre-school children (under seven years). The philosophy of Forest Schools is to encourage and inspire individuals of any age through positive experiences and participation in engaging and motivating achievable tasks and activities in a woodland environment, helping to develop personal, social and emotional skills which will lead to independence, self-discovery, confidence, communication skills and raised self-esteem. Each Forest School Site is unique, designed to meet the needs of the group making it inclusive. Children become comfortable with an outdoor approach to education and play in familiar surroundings. It allows a more child led outdoor curriculum with opportunities for projects to be taken back to the indoor setting to be continued. Forest Schools have demonstrated success with children of all ages through the following methods:- Learning takes place in the natural environment through play. Use of own initiative to handle risks and solve problems. Co-operate with others. Programmes are held throughout the year in all weathers. Children use full sized tools, play, learn boundaries of behaviour; both physical and social, grow in confidence, self-esteem and motivation. Use of tools in the wood promotes trust and self-confidence; it develops motor skills and fine motor skills. As children need time to thoroughly explore their thoughts, feelings and relationships this method encourages them to understand the world, the environment and everything within it through use of their emotions, imagination and senses. This principle has been adopted from Reggio Emilia which considers the environment to being the third teacher. Malguzzi (1996) We place enormous value on the role of the environment as a motivating and animating force in creating spaces for relations, options and emotional and cognitive situations that produce a sense of well-being and security. This ethos was introduced to the UK during the 1990s and has proved to be an effective educational tool in a variety of settings. Children attending Forest Schools were arriving at school with strong social skills, the ability to work in groups effectively, and generally children had high self-esteem and confidence in their own capabilities that proved to be an effective foundation and raised academic achievements. Since its introduction Forest Schools have developed opportunities in an outdoor setting for children of all ages to develop a variety of life skills. Participants gain confidence in their own ability. Kinaesthetic learners (learning by doing) are particularly suited to learning in this woodland outdoor environment. It aims at meeting childrens basic needs before any higher learning can take place. Children feel safe both physically and emotionally as care is taken to ensure that children have proper clothing and footwear, healthy meals and plenty of hydrated water and hot drinks. The Forest School sites are usually away from main entrances requiring the group to walk long distances and terrain, but all this depends on the abilities of the group. A hard surface approach may be necessary for wheel chairs and buggies making it as inclusive as possible. Each time the children leave the woods they take something with them to encourage parental interest and communicative interaction. All sessions are designed around the needs of the group, ensuring that they are learner-led. Sessions are designed around a theme, such as Romans, butterflies, spies, fairies or nature investigators. Many areas of the National Curriculum are intrinsically covered in the Forest Schools Experience without the programmes needing to be curriculum led. The activities are set up involving the capabilities of every person within the group. Teamwork skills are developed through games and activities such as hide and seek, shelter building, tool skills, lighting fires or environmental art. Each activity develops intra and inter-personal skills as well as practical and intellectual skills. Activities are constantly evaluated and re-adjusted through out the day to meet each the groups requirements. The children may be asked to shout out, draw, act or play a game to review the day they have just experienced, reflecting about what they have done during the day. Individuals progress is observed/monitored and a thorough evaluation process is used to ensure that aims and objectives are being met. All the four approaches have in a way had an effect on forming the current curriculum, as all the approaches have one thing in common which is to meet the needs of the child. The Early Years Foundation Stage Framework has realised the need to provide the materials, opportunities, interactions and experiences that allow children to pursue their own interests and be creative. This is done by stimulating them through motivation but not overloading them with the things we want them to be interested in. The concept of supporting childrens development through their interest has been outlined in Tender care and Early Learning from High Scope and is currently used by Birth to Three Matters focussing on childrens strengths and interests. Reggio Emilia and Forest Schools provide models of excellence in developing high quality physical environment and this has been taken up by the Early Years Foundation Stage Framework. The Living, Loving and Learning exhibition (1999) and the British Associat ion for Early Childhood Education explains the main principles and purpose of physical environment as it is essential in our work with young children that we consider the outdoors as a natural extension of our indoor learning environment, as very young children need to be offered the opportunity to move and think freely. This is vital for their physical growth and development of their minds. Advancing childrens physical and intellectual competence is the heart of much of the early childhood curriculum. Montessori and Steiner do not use display boards to celebrate childrens achievements and this would go against the principles of Reggio Emilia, who believe it to be an ideal way of communication with parents, who can view their childrens experiences and learning on wall panels in the form of annotated photographs and displayed work. It is an important documentation inviting parents to feel close to their childrens experiences in the setting. This approach has been considered by the setting and there are a number of display boards for different age groups.

The Designer Drug: Ecstasy :: MDMA Drugs Essays

The Designer Drug: Ecstasy MDMA, otherwise known as the designer drug ecstasy, X, XTC, Adam (MDMA), Eve (MDEA), E rolls and many others generic terms, is a street drug that most people associate with a feeling of physical stimulation. This drug has a normal dose of about 50 to 300mg and can vary in color and shape depending on the maker. Most bootleg drug producers like to put a trademark stamp on the pill, which consists of many different designs. MDMA is administered orally and is absorbed through the gastrointestinal track where it travels up to the brain, which results in a high within about an hour. The high from one pill can last up to six hours. After administration of the drug is when the brain begins the release of the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine. A pill of ecstasy can also include other substances like amphetamine, ephedrine, caffeine, ketamine and sometimes substances that are unidentifiable to chemists. This can cause side effects that are beyond the scope of this research. What we do know is that MDMA is an organic molecule, which enables the molecules of MDMA to inhibit some of the neurotransmitters in the brain. Let us take a deeper look into that chemistry. The chemistry of ecstasy, which we will refer to as MDMA, has been researched, by scientists, since the late sixties and what they have uncovered is very interesting. Scientists have found that, overall; MDMA begins with an organic root and ends up being a potentially dangerous drug, 3,4-methylenedioxy-n- methylamphetamine. MDMA is based from an oil called safrole, which is derived from the sassafras root. Many pharmacologists and illegal manufacturers have used safrole as a starting material for many medicines and drugs because it is easily accessible and inexpensive. Therefore, it is not surprising that this is the base for MDMA. As for most organic molecules MDMA consists of H (hydrogen), N (nitrogen), CH3 (a methyl group) and oxygen atoms, which ends up making C11H15NO2. All of these molecules, including the base of the safrole, are organic which makes MDMA an organic molecule. When combined to make MDMA they act like an amphetamine (look almost identical to methamphetamine in there chemical brake down) to the body with its psychedelic reaction, which is why MDMA is usually classified as an amphetamine. When examining the MDMA molecules scientists found that the MDMA has two types of molecules that

Information Systems Strategic Planning Essay

Situational analysis is defined as a methodical compilation and assessment of past and current economical, political, social, and technological data. This has an objective of assessing the organizations PEST and SWOT analysis, and also identification of internal and external forces that may affect the company’s performance and choosing of strategies. Market opportunity analysis is the utilization of forecasting techniques to the market factors that may influence the demand a product. It is also defined as formal ordered effort to recognize future situations which can be utilized to gain competitive advantage. Several techniques ranging from simple extrapolation complex technological forecasting and decision support systems can be used in market analysis. The purpose of market opportunity analysis is to determine is there is sufficient demand for the envisioned product or service and to establish if he product or service can be offered on profitable basis in the market as argued by Boar (2010). The function of market opportunity analysis is to synchronize the operations of the company with the goals and objectives in order to gain competitive advantage. Task Information Systems is an organization with twenty three years experience whose business is the provision of strategic information systems for organizations, the company offers several Information and Communication technology based services such as M. I. S. / I. T. Department Management and Technical Project Management, Information Technology consultancy, network design, tailor made software, web development and user Training. A customer market opportunity analysis at Task information systems involves analysis on the firm’s priorities if they are in agreement with the organizations goals and objectives. The company intents to be a world class player in the information systems market , however, its objective is to provide information systems to fifty companies in two years. An analysis reveals that the goal and the objectives may not be in agreement since to be a world class player requires offering services to more customers in a year, not just fifty in two years. The company needs to clearly segregate customers, so as to be understandable on the criterion of determining the fifty companies to be served in two years. An analysis on the flexibility of the company in terms of willingness to tailor services to suit the needs of the customers, involves working with customers to design and redesign products. An analysis of the firm’s strengths reveals that the company has good community customers, moreover Task information Systems is relatively flexible organization which can be attested by its strategy on customer satisfaction. Another important concept on market opportunity analysis is on the products offered by the company, if they can be supported over a long duration of time for a number of targeted customers. The company offers M. I. S. / I. T. Department Management and Technical Project Management, Information Technology consultancy, network design, tailor made software, web development and user Training among several other services, this can be compared with the available knowledge base and expertise. The analysis reveals that the company is promising more than it can deliver to the satisfaction of customers, since if it is to offer all the advertised services the workforce would be overwhelmed. An analysis on ways in which the organization can make better, more productive use of the information to which is already in its domain to create effective customer satisfaction and relations, reveals that the company has the opportunity of faster information,that allows business with no boundary limit in terms of potential customers, furthermore the organization has positioned itself to deal with the latest innovations in the market. Task information utilizes the latest innovations such as Search Engine Positioning, NetObjects Fusion, Sonicwall, ZoneAlarm, and Kerio Firewalls this therefore reveals that the company is dynamic and stands to benefit from its strong capacity to consolidate on various innovations. On analysis of the existing policies, procedures and practices governing the management and utilization of information throughout the organization, reveals that information utilization in the organization is not centralized and there exists no centralized management structure, this reveals therefore that the company lacks good managers with good leadership skills, which may affect customer experience and relations. An analysis on the opportunities available for Task information systems, which can be utilized to gain competitive advantage include deregulation allows the company to advance into new markets hence more customers, in addition, the company can utilize the opportunity of faster information allows business with no boundary limit, this is because most of the services, offered by the firm are internet based, therefore the company can reach several clients at a time. Another present opportunity is in the strategies utilized by the organization to gain a market niche, the company utilizes added value, customer satisfaction, training, aggressive marketing, e-commerce and lower cost, in order to increase the customer base and gain competitive advantage. Conclusion To gain competitive advantage therefore, Task information systems has to focus on effectively identifying and meeting the unmet/underserved customer needs, and eliminate barriers that block some/all potential customers, while at the same time innovating opportunities that enhance the customers’ experience. The strategic moves to be taken are value chain which is a set of value creating activities within the company. This includes trapped value which is concerned with efficiency, accessibility and customer empowerment. New value involves personalization, extension, community-building, collaboration while horizontal plays improve functional operations to satisfy customer experience, in addition the company should adopt vertical plays which in concerned with improving industry specific business activities. Importance of gap analysis, determining weakness in other organizations Determining weakness in other organization is very important to assist the organization in deciding upon marketing strategies and tactics, knowing the weakness of the competitors is beneficial in understanding how to exploit those weaknesses while marketing the products of the company and pointing out the strengths of the company to the customers. Determining weaknesses of competitors is also important to assist the organization to avoid those weaknesses, and avoid actions and situations that may lead to the same weaknesses.

Using the Snowflake Method to Write a Novel

Using the Snowflake Method to Write a Novel Using the Snowflake Method to Write a Novel In the annals of ‘unhelpful writing tips offered to first-time novelists,’ Neil Gaiman’s oft-quoted opinion takes the cake: â€Å"You sit down at the keyboard and you put one word after another until it’s done. It's that easy, and that hard.†If you’ve never written a novel before (and you don’t have an MFA in creative writing), it's only understandable that you’re daunted by the prospect of writing a book. This uncertainty is precisely why outlining systems, such as The Snowflake Method, are so appealing to developing writers.If you want to find out how to use the snowflake method, feel free to skip ahead to this section. But if you have a moment, let’s first look at the basics of this popular approach.What is the Snowflake Method?The Snowflake Method is an approach to writing that encourages starting with the simplest premise possible. From there, you systematically expand it to include plot and character details. Develop ed by American author, physicist, and writing coach Randy Ingermanson, the method's end result is a comprehensive character bible and scene list with which an author can begin the first draft.â€Å"My power flurries through the air into the ground. My soul is spiraling in frozen fractals all around† -   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Let It Go† from  Disney’s FrozenGiven Ingermanson’s background as a computational physicist, it should come as no surprise that his method was inspired by a mathematical principle known as a fractal. In particular, he references the Koch Snowflake to demonstrate how your story grows with each subsequent stage of the planning process.It's probably no surprise to you to learn that every writer uses a different outline. If you're curious about the general outlining process, we dive deeper into the topic in this post  on how to outline a novel. (Feel free to grab the free book outline template in there as well!) But for now, let's talk about the ad vantages of this particular method.What are the benefits of the snowflake method?Fans of Ingermanson’s method tend to enjoy how structured the process is. Not only does he lay out practical steps for outlining, but he also gives an idea of how long each step should take. For example, he suggests spending an hour on the very first step of honing a single-sentence story summary. Later on, when writing a character bible, he recommends spending a few hours on each character.Has the snowflake method worked for you before? Let us know how you find applying this to your own writing in the comments below!

Save The Planet, Eat Less Meat Professor Ramos Blog

Save The Planet, Eat Less Meat In May of 2019 it was announced that sensors in Hawaii had recorded that atmospheric CO2 on Earth had passed 415 parts per million for the first time in the history of humankind. Meteorologist Eric Holthaus put it simply, â€Å"we don’t know a planet like this† (Dockrill). A senior scientist at NOAA, or Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, said that the recent measurements, â€Å"help us verify climate model projections, which if anything, have underestimated the rapid pace of climate change being observed† (Stein). It’s no secret that the situation with our Earth’s climate is dire, but most everyone feels helpless in the fight to stop it. But the truth of the situation is that the average person is very much in command of the future of the planet and one simple change would make a world, literally, of difference. That simple change is the shift to making an effort to eat less meat, and more plant based food. The base argument for asking for a decree in meat consumption has two simple components. Globally, the shift to a vegetarian or vegan diet would lead to a massive reduction of greenhouse gas emissions of up to two thirds (Springmann). And in one’s personal life, the change in diet would also have significant positive effects on those who choose to participate. Studies the average vegetarian lives up to nine years longer than their non-vegetarian counterparts, a significant increase in life expectancy (Hauser). Still, while these statistics show significant potential, many may choose to remain steadfast in their decision to continue with their consumption of meat and animal products, for one reason or another. Whether someone is uncomfortable abandoning animal products all together or they feel they cannot put the effort into such a diet, there is still room for those people in this battle. If one was not prepared to make the shift to a totally vegetarian diet but still willing to reign in their meat consumption to a comfortable place, the results would still be positive. Marco Springmann, a researcher behind the studies of the impact of diets on the climate, says this flexible diet, â€Å"is the least stringent that is both healthy and would reduce greenhouse gas emissions enough for us to stay within environmental limits† (Drayer). This diet has been given the nickname â€Å"flexitarian,† which is a diet in which one makes an effort to eat vegetarian when possible but will still consume meat or animal products. While it may not have the massive global effect of a total shift to vegetarian and vegan diets, a flexitarian diet can still be enough to do significant good in the name of environmental reparations. For those who feel attracted to a flexitarian diet, it is important to consider that not all meat is made equally and some meat production is harsher on the environment than others. Of all meat products one should do their best to eat less, or none, of, dairy and beef products top the list. Livestock accounts for more than 40 percent of all greenhouse gases, and cows make up 50 percent of those emissions (Singh). Cutting back on beef and dairy, whether completely or incrementally, is one of the most effective things a person can quickly do to help climate change. And from an ethical position, this move would potentially also begin to chip away the widespread abuse that the average commercial cows experience on a daily basis and allow for smaller scale cleaner, safer, and more ethical food production. Currently, despite cows having a lifespan of over 20 years, a cow on a commercial dairy farm rarely makes it past age 6 (â€Å"The Life of: Dairy Cows†). Still, ethical arguments themselves are representative of â€Å"moral vegetarianism,† a concept that not all proponents of decreased meat consumption supports, as ethical arguments are susceptible to philosophical arguing and might ultimately impede a movement away from heavy meat consumption (Henning). Moving away from ethics, the numbers in support of making such a change in one’s personal life nearly speak for themselves. One study into the potential greenhouse gas reductions by an increase in vegetarian diets explains that the adoption of such a lifestyle reduce per-capita gas emissions by 37% (67% for a vegan diet), blue water use by 70%, and land occupation by 70% (Goldstein). And while some suggest that a reduction in meat in one’s diet would mean the loss of one’s primary source of protein, you can rest easy as the average person only gains around 20% of their protein intake from animal products, a small percentage easily made up for with plant based protein (Clarke). Furthermore, planning and executing vegetarian meals and diets could not be easier in our modern and information based age. A plethora of options are available to anyone interested in vegetarian diets, whether it be the hundreds to thousands of cookbooks available, the recipes readily avail able online, or an online plant based meal planning service such as the Eat What Elephants Eat Nutrition and Wellness program. The Eat What Elephants program was founded by Dominick Thompson, a former inmate who went vegan while incarcerated. Dominick hopes that his program will made eating vegan, â€Å"fun, tasty, and more importantly, affordable† (Schaefer). Graph by Shrink That Footprint, an organization devoted to reducing greenhouse gas emissions While the Earth faces life-altering climate change and ecological decimation we must do everything we can to protect the future of our planet and the futures of the children and creatures ahead of us who will inherit this Earth. Climate change and the effects we will see as a result of it are not fantasy, they are peer-reviewed scientific facts, and with this we must act and the simplest way we can do this is through through painless effort of lowering or eliminating one’s meat and dairy consumption. One cannot easily end the limitless supply of trash filling the ocean, or the ecological destruction in foreign lands by billion dollar corporations, but one can make the decision as to what they eat every day. Whether you choose to eat vegan, vegetarian, or flexitarian, all are equally important to our fight against the environmental decimation that our planet and species are facing. That one decision would make all the difference. Clarke, Alexis. â€Å"Vegetarianism and Sustainability.† Journal of the Australian Traditional-Medicine Society. Dockrill, Peter. â€Å"Its Official: Atmospheric CO2 Just Exceeded 415 Ppm For The First Time in Human History.† ScienceAlert, www.sciencealert.com/it-s-official-atmospheric-co2-just-exceeded-415-ppm-for-first-time-in-human-history. Drayer, Lisa. â€Å"How Your Diet Could Help Combat Climate Change in 2019.† CNN, Cable News Network, 2 Jan. 2019, www.cnn.com/2018/10/18/health/plant-based-diet-climate-change-food-drayer/index.html. Goldstein B, Moses R, Sammons N, Birkved M (2017) Potential to curb the environmental burdens of American beef consumption using a novel plant-based beef substitute. PLoS ONE 12(12): e0189029. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189029 Hauser, Annie. Eat Vegetarian, Live Longer?† HuffPost, HuffPost, 7 Dec. 2017, www.huffpost.com/entry/vegetarians-live-longer-longevity_n_1961967. Henning, Brian. â€Å"Moral Vegetarianism: A Whiteheadian Response to Andrew F. Smith.† Brian Henning, 2016. Schaefer, Michelle. â€Å"Eat What Elephants Eat Is More Than Just A Best Selling T-Shirt.† VegNews. https://vegnews.com/2019/1/eat-what-elephants-eat-is-more-than-just-a-best-selling-t-shirt-its-a-mindset. Singh, Maanvi. â€Å"Gassy Cows Are Warming The Planet, And Theyre Here To Stay.† NPR, NPR, 12 Apr. 2014, npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/04/11/301794415/gassy-cows-are-warming-the-planet-and-theyre-here-to-stay. Springmann, Marco. â€Å"Plant-Based Diets Could Save Millions of Lives and Dramatically Cut†¦ Oxford Martin School, 30 May 2019, oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/news/201603-plant-based-diets/. Stein, Theo. â€Å"Carbon Dioxide Levels Hit Record Peak in May.† Welcome to NOAA Research, Welcome to NOAA Research, 3 June 2019, research.noaa.gov/article/ArtMID/587/ArticleID/2461/Carbon-dioxide-levels-hit-record-peak-in-May. â€Å"The Life of: Dairy Cows.† Compassion In World Farming, ciwf.org.uk/media/5235185/the-life-of-dairy-cows.pdf.

Choose a federal law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Choose a federal law - Research Paper Example This policy paper will identify the history of the Act; trace its implementation, its impact on business and society as well as its strengths and weaknesses. Additionally, the paper will provide some recommendations for future policy makers. The legislation which came to force in 2002, has 11 major elements. The key provisions that this paper will analyze their implementation include Sarbanes-Oxley Sections 302, 303, 401, 404, 802, 906 and 1106. Sarbanes- Oxley was named after its sponsors Paul Sarbanes and Michael Oxley who were US Senators and Representative respectively. With the implementation of SOX, it became mandatory for top managements to personally certify the accuracy of the information that is provided by their organizations. Between 2000 and 2002, large corporate frauds occurred in various firms due to variety of complex factors. In addition to Worldcom, and Enron as noted earlier, other frauds included Adelphia, Tyco International, and Peregrine Systems. Apart from the conflict of interest that emanated from the frauds, they also resulted into problems during the incentive compensations practices. Through the analysis of the infamous frauds, the pioneers attained the ground for the introduction of the bill leading to the passage of SOX in 2002. According to Senator Paul Sarbanes, the market had problems that resulted to loss of hundreds and trillions of billions in dollars. Some of the notable issues that led to the mega frauds included lack of independence for the auditors, inadequate accountant’s oversight, conflict of interest on the part of stock analysts, weak corporate government procedures, ineffective disclosure procedures and providing low funds to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Before the introduction of SOX, auditing firms which are noted as watchdogs for the investors did not perform auditing or any consulting

Contemporary Art and Marcel Duchamp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contemporary Art and Marcel Duchamp - Essay Example The essay "Contemporary Art and Marcel Duchamp" concerns the influence of Marcel Duchamp on contemporary art. He has created a lot of ‘Readymade† objects, which he did not claim as art work, but which certain art groups celebrated. His collection of art works show quite a mind blowing variety of art works that created controversies in the contemporary art. However, his art has influenced contemporary as well as later art movements and techniques and exerted a significant impact on the development of avant-garde movements in the 20th century. Marcel Duchamp created many paintings in canvas in the contemporary Fauvist style. However, he turned to experimentation and created one of the controversial art of his times, the Nude Descending a Staircase, which is in Philadelphia museum of Art now. Marcel Duchamp is looked upon as the champion of two important innovations in the modern art. They are the kinetic art and ready-made art. One of his earliest examples of kinetic art is this controversial piece. He created this piece two years before the Great War. This painting contained movements, with a chain of overlapping cubic figures, which was so far away a technique for then art which focused on static objects. This painting created waves in the Armory show in 1913. The Readymade art is mostly seen as a revolution in sculpture than in paintings. His ready-mades were of everyday objects, and some of the examples were the Urinal and a Bicycle Wheel. The latter is an example of both Kinetic.